A teacher I know is stuck, with only npn transistors in the supply cupboard and the need to create a reversible motor drive for an Arduino project. Reversing ‘bridges’ have four switches (relay ...

The fun part about logic gates is that there are so many ways to make them, with each approach having its own advantages and disadvantages. Although these days transistor-transistor logic (TTL) is the ...

Before the era of large-scale integration (LSI) semiconductor circuits, discrete logic circuits using the common diode-transistor logic (DTL) were still necessary and available in a format that was ...